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Umlaut

PHONOLOGY/MORPHOLOGY: the phonological process in which back vowels or diphthongs are fronted due to (a) a following front vowel, or (b) a specific morpheme or morphological class. EXAMPLE: a well-known example is German umlaut. Plural nouns can be formed in several (unpredictable) ways. One possibility is fronting of the base vowel: Apfel:Äpfel and Bauch:Bäuche.
LIT. Lieber, R. (1980)
Spencer, A. (1991)