Found:
clitic
MORPHOLOGY/SYNTAX: element which, like affixes, cannot occur freely in syntax but is in need of a 'host'. A clitic can thus be regarded as a kind of bound morpheme. A typical clitic will attach itself to a host, that is, a (fully inflected) word or phrase. The observation that they can attach to inflected words distinguishes, among other things, clitics from affixes. Clitics come into two types: proclitics and enclitics. Proclitics attach themselves to the left of the host, while enclitics attach themselves to the right of the host. EXAMPLE: In French, object pronouns are clitics which are either proclitics, as me and les in (i), or enclitics, as les in (ii):
(i) il me les a donnés he to-me them has given 'he has given them to me' (ii) donnez -les -moi give -them -me 'give them to me' (iii) il mei lesj a donnés ei ejIn syntax it is usually assumed that a clitic is related to a gap, an empty category (trace or pro). But see clitic doubling. Example (i) is analyzed as in (iii), where e is a gap.
LIT. | Haegeman, L. (1991) Kayne, R. (1990) Kayne, R. (1975) Klavans, J. (1985) Klavans, J. (1982) Nespor, M. and I. Vogel (1986) Rizzi, L. (1986) Spencer, A. (1991) Zwicky, A. (1977) Zwicky, A. (1977) Zwicky, A. and G. Pullum (1983) |